The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report: July 2-8, 2026

New activity/unrest: Etna, Italy | Krakatau, Indonesia | Mutnovsky, Russia.

New activity/unrest

Etna, Italy

37.748°N, 14.999°E; Elev. 3,357 m

The Sezione di Catania – Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported eruptive activity at Etna’s summit craters during 29 June-5 July characterized by lava effusion from two vents, Strombolian activity at Voragine Crater (VOR), and activity at a new fissure between VOR and Northeast Crater (NEC). Lava that began to effuse on 29 June from a vent on the E base of VOR, at 3,030 elevation, continued into July. INGV staff conducted a field survey on 2 July and observed that the lava flow field was active and complex, characterized by superimposed lava flows, ephemeral vents, and small lava tubes. Later that evening a small lava flow effused from a new vent, located between VOR and NEC at around 3,200 m elevation, and traveled 150 m before stopping the next morning on 3 July. The staff also observed that Strombolian activity from a pit crater on the upper E flank of VOR that began overnight during 26-27 June was continuing and intensified during 2-4 July. The flow from the vent on the E base of VOR became less active and stopped on 4 July. The lava-flow field was about 1.2 km long, with the most advanced lava flow reaching about 2,605 elevation, and about 87,000 square meters in size, based on drone photos from 2 July and a 5 July satellite image.

On 5 July intense explosive activity began at several vents that formed along a new fissure that extended NNE from VOR to the NEC. Vents along the higher elevations of the fissure continuously produced ash while lower vents produced Strombolian activity. Ash plumes rose about 4.5 km a.s.l. and drifted mainly S, causing ashfall in several municipalities on the S flank, in the area between Rifugio Sapienza (5 km S) and Catania (around 29 km SSE), and the temporary closure of the Catania airport, about 30 km SSE. Lava effused from the NNE end of the fissure, traveled about 180 m, and flowed into NEC. Activity at the fissure began to decrease during the afternoon of 6 July and ceased during the early afternoon of 7 July. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) according to the Dipartimento della Protezione Civile.

Geological summary: Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of Sicily, has one of the world’s longest documented records of volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank.

Krakatau, Indonesia

6.1009°S, 105.4233°E; Elev. 285 m

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that an eruption at Krakatau continued during 2-8 July. At 1405 on 2 July an eruption generated a gray-to-black ash plume that rose 200 m and drifted NW. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the second highest color on a four-color scale). At 1630 the Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater. White-to-gray or white-to-brown ash plumes rose as high as 200 m during 3-4 July. Only white plumes were visible during 5-6 July, rising as high as 150 m. At 0821 on 7 July a dense gray plume rose 200 m and drifted NW; later that day plumes of various color combinations also rose as high as 200 m.

Geological summary: The renowned Krakatau (frequently misnamed as Krakatoa) volcano lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of an older edifice, perhaps in 416 or 535 CE, formed a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of that volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently the Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan cones were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan, and left only a remnant of Rakata. This eruption caused more than 36,000 fatalities, most as a result of tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former Danan and Perbuwatan cones. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927.

Mutnovsky, Russia

52.449°N, 158.196°E; Elev. 2,288 m

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that an explosion at Mutnovsky occurred at 0819 on 1 July, lasted around three minutes, and generated an ash plume that rose 3.5 km above the summit and drifted several kilometers W. The Aviation Color Code (ACC) was raised to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) at 2146. No additional explosions were detected; at 0420 on 2 July the ACC was lowered to Yellow. Weather clouds obscured satellite views during 2-5 July. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images during 6-7 July, but with decreasing temperatures. At 0316 on 9 July the ACC was lowered to Green. Dates are based on UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Geological summary: Massive Mutnovsky, one of the most active volcanoes of southern Kamchatka, is formed of four coalescing stratovolcanoes of predominantly basaltic composition. Multiple summit craters cap the volcanic complex. Growth of Mutnovsky IV, the youngest cone, began during the early Holocene. An intracrater cone was constructed along the northern wall of the 1.3-km-wide summit crater. Abundant flank cinder cones were concentrated on the SW side. Holocene activity was characterized by mild-to-moderate phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions from the summit crater. Explosive eruptions have been common since the 17th century, with lava flows produced during the 1904 eruption.

Ongoing activity

Aira, Japan

31.5772°N, 130.6589°E; Elev. 1,117 m

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 June-6 July. A very small eruptive event was detected on 29 June, and crater incandescence was visible in nighttime webcam images during 29 June-3 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to be cautious within 2 km of both the Minamidake and Showa craters.

Geological summary: The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan’s most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76.

Ambae, Vanuatu

15.389°S, 167.835°E; Elev. 1,496 m

The Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) reported that satellite and webcam views of Ambae showed continuous plumes of steam and sulfur dioxide, with intermittent ash signals, on 4 July. The plumes rose 2.1-2.3 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. During 5-6 July ash plumes that were sometimes continuous rose 3-4.6 km (7,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l, or as high as 3 km above the summit, and drifted NW. Hotspots were also identified in satellite images. Weather clouds obscured views on 7 July. Ash plumes rose to 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E on 8 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of Danger Zone B, defined as a 3-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and to stay away from drainages during heavy rains.

Geological summary: The island of Ambae, also known as Aoba, is a massive 2,500 km3 basaltic shield that is the most voluminous volcano of the New Hebrides archipelago. A pronounced NE-SW-trending rift zone with numerous scoria cones gives the 16 x 38 km island an elongated form. A broad pyroclastic cone containing three crater lakes (Manaro Ngoru, Voui, and Manaro Lakua) is located at the summit within the youngest of at least two nested calderas, the largest of which is 6 km in diameter. That large central edifice is also called Manaro Voui or Lombenben volcano. Post-caldera explosive eruptions formed the summit craters about 360 years ago. A tuff cone was constructed within Lake Voui (or Vui) about 60 years later. The latest known flank eruption, about 300 years ago, destroyed the population of the Nduindui area near the western coast.

Awu, Indonesia

3.689°N, 125.447°E; Elev. 1,318 m

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that unrest at Awu decreased in July, after an increase in seismicity was recorded in May. During 1-7 July the seismic network recorded 116 shallow volcanic earthquakes (an average of 16 events per day), and 17 deep volcanic earthquakes. These counts were significantly lower than the elevated activity on 19 May when 104 shallow volcanic earthquakes were recorded. At 1300 on 8 July the Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the crater’s center.

Geological summary: The massive Gunung Awu stratovolcano occupies the northern end of Great Sangihe Island, the largest of the Sangihe arc. Deep valleys that form passageways for lahars dissect the flanks of the volcano, which was constructed within a 4.5-km-wide caldera. Powerful explosive eruptions in 1711, 1812, 1856, 1892, and 1966 produced devastating pyroclastic flows and lahars that caused more than 8000 cumulative fatalities. Awu contained a summit crater lake that was 1 km wide and 172 m deep in 1922, but was largely ejected during the 1966 eruption.

Dukono, Indonesia

1.6992°N, 127.8783°E; Elev. 1,273 m

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Dukono continued during 2-8 July. Plumes were not visible on 2 July. White-to-gray ash plumes rose 300-1,500 m above the summit during 3-5 July. White plumes rose 400-500 m above the summit during 6-7 July. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater.

Geological summary: The Dukono complex in northern Halmahera is on an edifice with a broad, low profile containing multiple peaks and overlapping craters. Almost continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the Gunung Mamuya cone, 10 km NE. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also had reported eruptions.

Fuego, Guatemala

14.4748°N, 90.8806°W; Elev. 3,799 m

The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) reported that eruptive activity at Fuego continued during 1-8 July. Daily Strombolian explosions recorded by the seismic network, at rates of 5-12 per hour when reported, generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.1 km above the summit and drifted as far as 40 km SW, W, NW, and N. Rumbling sounds, shock waves, and/or sounds associated with explosions were reported daily. Explosions ejected incandescent material as high as 300 m above the summit and onto the flanks, causing incandescent block avalanches to descend the flanks; notably avalanches descended the Seca (W), Taniluyá (SSW), Ceniza (SSW), Trinidad (SSW), Las Lajas (SE), and Honda drainages, sometimes reaching vegetated areas. Minor ashfall was reported in Yepocapa (8 km NW) during 2-3 July and in Panimaché (8 km SW), Morelia (10 km SW), Santa Sofia (12 km SW), and surrounding areas during 3-4 July.

Geological summary: Volcán Fuego, one of Central America’s most active volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala’s former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows.

Great Sitkin, United States

52.076°N, 176.13°W; Elev. 1,740 m

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 1-8 July. Seismicity was low. Webcam and satellite images were often obscured by weather clouds. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Geological summary: The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.

Ibu, Indonesia

1.4941°N, 127.6324°E; Elev. 1,357 m

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity at Ibu continued during 2-8 July, with daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Gray or white-to-gray ash plumes rose 200-600 m above the summit and drifted E, NE, and NW almost daily; weather conditions obscured views on 3 July. Incandescence at the summit was visible in some nighttime webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 2 km away from the active crater and 3.5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Geological summary: The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions.

Kanlaon, Philippines

10.4096°N, 123.13°E; Elev. 2,422 m

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 2-7 July. The seismic network recorded 3-10 daily volcanic earthquakes. Sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 1,234 to 2,531 tonnes per day. Volcanic emissions generally rose as high as 1.3 km above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW. There were 2-3 periods of ash emissions on 2, 4, and 6 July, each lasting five minutes to nearly three hours. Two of the events on 4 July were recorded by webcams; at 0502 a grayish ash plume rose 300 m above the crater rim and drifted SW and during 1339-1404 grayish ash plumes rose as high as 200 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. At 1343 on 6 July a grayish ash plume rose 900 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay out of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and pilots were advised to avoid flying close to the summit.

Geological summary: Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon) forms the highest point on the Philippine island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is covered with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller but higher active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Eruptions recorded since 1866 have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor local ashfall.

Kilauea, United States

19.421°N, 155.287°W; Elev. 1,222 m

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera, characterized by episodic fountaining, incandescence, and intermittent spatter from craters along the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater, continued at variable levels during 1-7 July. Moderate-to-strong incandescence persisted at the S vent. Flaming at the N vent was visible during 1-2 July. Incandescence at the N vent was variable in intensity and intermittent at other times of the week. During a helicopter overflight on 7 July HVO geologists observed an incandescent lava surface deep within the S vent; no lava was visible in the N vent. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest color on a four-color scale).

Geological summary: Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.

Lewotobi, Indonesia

8.542°S, 122.775°E; Elev. 1,703 m

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-Laki during 2-8 July. Multiple daily gray ash plumes rose 200-1,500 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-Laki.

Geological summary: The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the “husband and wife”). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan.

Lewotolok, Indonesia

8.274°S, 123.508°E; Elev. 1,431 m

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Lewotolok during 2-8 July. Daily white plumes rose as high as 300 m above the summit. White-and-gray or gray ash plumes that rose 200-600 m above the summit drifted NW, W, S, and SE. Nighttime webcam images often showed incandescent material being ejected above the summit and onto the flanks. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the summit.

Geological summary: The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano’s high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater.

Mayon, Philippines

13.257°N, 123.685°E; Elev. 2,462 m

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that the eruption at Mayon continued during 2-8 July, characterized by lava effusion, periodic pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), incandescent rockfalls, and occasional ash-and-gas plumes. Emissions were visible daily rising 100-750 m above the summit and drifting WSW and SW. Each day the seismic network recorded 166-357 rockfalls and 3-34 volcanic earthquakes. The earthquake counts included eight periods of volcanic tremor, each lasting 18-26 minutes on 2 July and one one-minute-long tremor on 7 July. Daily measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 2,026-2,184 tonnes per day. One PDC per day was detected on 5 and 7 July. The lava flows did not advance in the Mi-isi (S), Basud (E), and Bonga (SE) drainages, remaining 1.8, 3.8, and 3.2 km long, respectively.

Geological summary: Symmetrical Mayon, which rises above the Albay Gulf NW of Legazpi City, is the most active volcano of the Philippines. The steep upper slopes are capped by a small summit crater. Recorded eruptions since 1616 CE range from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian, with cyclical activity beginning with basaltic eruptions, followed by longer periods of andesitic lava flows. Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks. Pyroclastic density currents and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the approximately 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often damaged populated lowland areas. A violent eruption in 1814 killed more than 1,200 people and devastated several towns.

Merapi, Indonesia

7.54°S, 110.446°E; Elev. 2,910 m

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 2-8 July with occasional lava avalanches produced by the active lava dome on the upper SW flank. White plumes rose as high as 75 m above the summit on most days. There were 8-15 daily lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km down the Sat/Putih or Krasak drainages on the W flank during 2 and 4-7 July. The seismic network detected 1-3 daily pyroclastic flows during 2-6 July; pyroclastic flows traveled 1.8 km down the Sat/Putih drainage on 2 July, 1.8 km down the Krasak drainage on 4 July, and 2 km down the Sat/Putih drainage on 6 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Geological summary: Merapi, one of Indonesia’s most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world’s most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities.

Nevado de Longavi, Chile

36.1959°S, 71.1641°W; Elev. 3,175 m

The Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Respuesta ante Desastres (SENAPRED), and the Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) stated that during 16-30 June seismicity at Nevado de Longaví continued to decrease and returned to baseline levels. A few isolated seismic events were recorded during 21-31 May, with activity close to baseline levels. On 8 July the Alert Level was lowered to Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale) and SENAPRED maintained a “Preventative Early Warning” for the communities of Longaví (53 km WNW), Linares (55 km NW), and Colbún (60 km NNW).

Geological summary: The conical Nevado de Longaví is a late-Pleistocene to Holocene, dominantly andesitic stratovolcano constructed over a basement of Tertiary volcaniclastic and granitic rocks. Two edifice-collapse events modified the E and SW flanks of a pre-Holocene edifice, and Holocene activity has been concentrated at the summit and on the E flanks. Andesitic-to-dacitic lava domes occupy the summit region. The latest eruptions produced a lava dome in the upper part of the collapse scarp and summit region that partially collapsed to the E, forming block-and-ash flow deposits. Fumarolic activity has been reported.

Purace, Colombia

2.3095°N, 76.3948°W; Elev. 4,650 m

The Servicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC) reported ongoing low-level eruptive activity at Puracé during 30 June-6 July. Seismic activity associated with rock fracturing processes continued at similar levels compared to the previous week with signals mainly located between Piocollo and Puracé volcanoes at depths of 1-3 km and magnitudes below 1. A thermal anomaly continued to be detected in satellite images within the crater of Puracé and Curiquinga and in the fumarolic field along its outer rim of Puracé. Sulfur dioxide emissions persisted and slow deformation continued between Puracé, Piocollo, and Curiquinga volcanoes. Signals associated with fluid movement and emissions were ongoing from beneath Puracé at depths less than 3 km. Gas-and-ash emissions were less frequent than the previous week. The plumes rose as high as 600 m above the summit and drifted NW. Ashfall was reported in Cristales, in the municipality of Puracé, on 4 July. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).

Geological summary: Puracé is an active andesitic volcano with a 600-m-diameter summit crater at the NW end of the Los Coconucos Volcanic Chain. This volcanic complex includes nine composite and five monogenetic volcanoes, extending from the Puracé crater more than 6 km SE to the summit of Pan de Azúcar stratovolcano. The dacitic massif which the complex is built on extends about 13 km NW-SE and 10 km NE-SW. Frequent small to moderate explosive eruptions reported since 1816 CE have modified the morphology of the summit crater, with the largest eruptions in 1849, 1869, and 1885.

Sabancaya, Peru

15.787°S, 71.857°W; Elev. 5,960 m

The Instituto Geofísico del Perú’s (IGP) Centro Vulcanológico Nacional (CENVUL) reported continuing eruptive activity at Sabancaya during 30 June-5 July. The seismic network detected 30 seismic events related to the movement of magmatic fluids, along with additional earthquakes indicating rock fracturing. Gas, steam, and ash plumes periodically rose as high as 600 m above the crater rim and drifted less than 10 km in multiple directions. Thermal anomalies on the crater floor were identified in satellite images and moderate sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 742 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit.

Geological summary: Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning “tongue of fire” in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of observed eruptions date back to 1750 CE.

Santa Maria, Guatemala

14.757°N, 91.552°W; Elev. 3,745 m

The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) reported high levels of ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Maria’s Santiaguito dome complex during 1-8 July, with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Incandescence at the summit was observed during dark hours. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced daily incandescent block avalanches that descended the flanks, mainly to the W, SW, and S; on a few of the days these collapses reportedly occurred at a rate of 1-4 per hour. Daily explosions, 0-4 per hour when reported, generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose 700-900 m above the dome and drifted SW and W. During 3-4 July blocky lava extrusion caused the SW flank flow to advance. Collapses of material and resulting pyroclastic flows descended the flanks and reached the base of Caliente cone; ash was suspended in the air within the complex. Ashfall was reported in San Marcos (10 km SW), Loma Linda Palajunoj (7 km SW), and other nearby communities. Minor ashfall was reported in Monte Claro (S), Finca Monte Bello (6 km WSW), and surrounding areas during 6-7 July.

Geological summary: Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is part of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four vents, with activity progressing E towards the most recent, Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.

Semeru, Indonesia

8.108°S, 112.922°E; Elev. 3,657 m

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity continued at Semeru during 2-7 July, with daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily white-to-gray ash plumes rose 400-1,500 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. According to a news report one of the ash plumes, detected at 1637 on 2 July, rose 1.5 km above the summit and was accompanied by a pyroclastic flow that descended the Kobokan drainage 4 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the Jonggring Saloko Crater in all directions, 13 km from the summit on the SE flank along the Kobokan drainage, and 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km SE of the summit.

Geological summary: Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.

Sheveluch, Russia

56.653°N, 161.36°E; Elev. 3,283 m

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported continuing eruptive activity at the lava domes along the N crater floor of Young Sheveluch (on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch) during 2-8 July. A daily thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images and explosions were recorded almost daily. An explosive event at 0854 on 2 July produced ash plumes that rose as high as 11 km (36,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 630 km SW. Explosions at 2005 on 3 July generated ash plumes that rose 10.5 km (34,500 ft) a.s.l. by 2040 and drifted 160 km NW. The Aviation Color Code (ACC) was raised to Red (the highest level on a four-color scale) at 2156. No additional explosions were detected over the next several hours, prompting KVERT to lower the ACC to Orange at 0258 on 4 July. The ash cloud from the 3 July explosions was 80 x 55 km and located 195 km NW. Ash from the 2 July explosions separated into two clouds; the leading edge of the N cloud was 385 km WNW and the leading edge of the S cloud was 984 km SSE by 0150 on 4 July.

An explosive event that started at 0716 on 5 July produced ash plumes that rose 12 km (39,400 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W; the ACC was raised to Red at 0736. By 2200 the ash cloud was 222 x 45 km and located over the Yelizovo Airport (UHPP), 430 km SSW. The ACC was lowered to Orange at 0145 on 6 July because no additional explosions were recorded. The ash cloud, 222 x 100 km, continued to drift SW and was 630 km from Sheveluch. Explosions at 0032 on 7 July prompted KVERT to raise the ACC to Red about a half an hour later. Ash plumes rose 10 km (32,800 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ESE. The ash cloud, 145 x 110 km, had drifted 160 km SE by 0810; the ACC was lowered to Orange at 0858. Ash plumes from explosions at 1941 on 7 July rose 6 km (19,700 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Dates are based on UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Geological summary: The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka’s largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera.

Suwanosejima, Japan

29.638°N, 129.714°E; Elev. 796 m

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima’s Ontake Crater continued during 26 June-3 July. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. An eruptive event on 26 June generated a plume that rose 300 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to be cautious within 1.5 km of the crater.

Geological summary: The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan’s most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island.

Titan Ridge, Papua New Guinea

3.03°S, 147.78°E; Elev. -1,300 m

The Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) reported that the eruption at Titan Ridge was at very low levels during 15 June-3 July. No seismic activity had been detected for more than a month and the number of hydroacoustic signals per day was less than 10. A minor plume of discolored water persisted and drifted S and SW. On 2 July one discrete steam puff rose from the eruption site and drifted a few kilometers NE. The significant pumice rafts affecting the Admiralty Islands to the N have broken up and dispersed, though pumice is still present on some beaches. Small and/or thin patches of floating pumice remain present in some sheltered areas.

Geological summary: SOFAR signals resembling those produced at known submarine eruptions were recorded in January 1972 in the central Bismarck Sea (Johnson et al., 1981). The source of the signals was at the junction of two segments of the N margin of the South Bismarck plate. The more easterly of these segments is a transform fault, whereas the more westerly is an area of oblique active seafloor spreading. The signals were detected by a seismic station on nearby Manus Island, as well as at hydrophone stations on Wake and Midway Islands in the central Pacific. During the eruption in 2026 the “Titan Ridge” name was proposed by local residents. The general story of the Titan (pronounced Tee-Tahn) people is that their island home got devastated and reduced to the Circular Reef (~40 km SSW) due to an uncertain natural phenomenon; they drifted for awhile before they settled, and most of the Titan villages are now mainly along the south coast of Manus Island.

References:

¹ Smithsonian Institution / US Geological Survey Weekly Volcanic Activity Report – GVP – July 2-8, 2026 – Managing Editor: Sally Sennert

Teo Blašković

I'm a dedicated researcher, journalist, and editor at The Watchers. With over 20 years of experience in the media industry, I specialize in hard science news, focusing on extreme weather, seismic and volcanic activity, space weather, and astronomy, including near-Earth objects and planetary defense strategies. You can reach me at teo /at/ watchers.news.

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